The co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and violence against children: a systematic review on associated factors in low- and middle-income countries

Results from the study indicate a significant association between IPV and VAC, with all pooled odds ratios showing a significant positive association between the two. Almost half of the studies focused exclusively on co-occurrence between male-to-female IPV and female caregiver-to-child VAC; few authors reported on male caregiver-to-child violence. Only three studies identified risk factors for co-occurring IPV and VAC, and those that did, suggested conflicting findings on the risks associated with maternal age, alcohol and drug use, and parental education level.